Atheist or Agnostic?

Last updated: Sunday, February 19, 2017

As he explains in the Big Think video above, Neil deGrasse Tyson identifies himself as an agnostic, not as an atheist. Let’s consider how he makes the distinction. He associates the word atheist with active atheists who have debates or seek to change policies, and he says this is not what he is about. He says he is mainly an educator and a scientist, who is trying to get people to think. This may be more connotation than denotation. He doesn’t identify with what he associates the word with, but that doesn’t mean it doesn’t denote him.

He also questions why the word atheist even exists. He points out that there isn’t a word for non-golf players or non-skiers. He may have a point here. Although I’m a non-skier, I don’t identify with not being a skier, as if that is some important part of me. It is normal for people to identify themselves by the groups they belong to rather than the groups they do not belong to. For example, having a favorite sports team is a big deal for some people, a huge part of their identity. But for me, I have no interest in sports, and I don’t go around identifying myself as a non-sports fan. I just hardly think of sports, at all. Tyson feels that the word atheist would define him only in terms of what he is not, not in terms of what he is. Whereas the word agnostic speaks to his scientific, evidence-demanding mindset, better describing what he is actually about. So, it is understandable that he would prefer the term agnostic.

But he doesn’t actually define his terms and explain in an analytic way why he is an agnostic, not an atheist. Rather, he complains that when people think he is an atheist, they think they know all about him. He is not approaching this in a taxonomic way of determining which categories he belongs to. Instead, he is approaching it in terms of what labels he cares to associate himself with. To some atheists, there is probably a sense that denying his identity as an atheist is like Peter denying Jesus, more a matter of practicality than of truth. This is the impression of Devon Tracey, who has posted a video on his Atheism-is-Unstoppable-4 channel called Neil DeGrasse Tyson’s Cowardly, Dishonest Stance On Atheism. In this video, Tracey includes an interview with Tyson, which he sometimes pauses to add his own comments. I’ll quote a bit from the interview.

Neil deGrasse Tyson says to the interviewer, I remain unconvinced by any claims anyone has ever made about the existence or the power of a divine force operating in the universe.

The interviewer responds, So from that perspective, let’s say you don’t believe in gods for…

Tyson cuts him off with, That’s not what I said! I said I remain unconvinced. I prefer my words than your…

If there is a distinction here, it is that it is possible to believe in claims you are unconvinced of. With respect to belief in God, there have been philosophers who choose to believe in God despite remaining unconvinced by the evidence. Kierkegaard championed taking a leap of faith. Pascal has argued that one should wager on God existing, because the reward will be great if God does exist, and it won’t make any difference either way if God doesn’t.¹ In The Will to Believe, William James has argued for willing oneself to believe with regard to options that are living, momentous, and forced. These philosophers are known as fideists, people who choose religious belief despite acknowledging the lack of evidence for it. Of course, this distinction would matter here only if Tyson is a fideist.

Tyson goes on to say, I don’t use the word believe, because I am very evidence-driven.

So he’s not claiming to believe in God, and he remains unconvinced of any divine force operating in the universe. He is not a fideist, and whether he wants to word it this way or not, he doesn’t believe in God. So the distinction he wants to make between not believing in God and remaining unconvinced of any divine force operating in the universe is lost on me.

The Presumption of Atheism

Devon Tracey asserts that Tyson is still an atheist even if he doesn’t choose to identify with the term. So let’s look at some definitions of atheist. One common definition of an atheist is someone who lacks a belief in anything he might call God. By this definition, Tyson is an atheist. But this definition does have its critics. When I put forth this definition on Answering 10 Questions for Every Atheist, someone made a comment calling this a wimpy definition, describing A real atheist as 100% certain magical beings are just fantasies for uneducated superstitious cowardly morons. By this definition, Tyson would not be an atheist, but it doesn’t seem to be the one Tracey has in mind, since he insists, based on what Tyson said in the interview included in his video, that Tyson is still an atheist.

This brings us to two different senses of the word atheist. In an article called The Presumption of Atheism, Anthony Flew proposes a distinction between a negative atheist and a positive atheist. He says,

Whereas nowadays the usual meaning of atheist in English is someone who asserts that there is no such being as God, I want the word to be understood not positively but negatively. I want the originally Greek prefix a to be read in the same way in atheist as it customarily is read in such other Greco-English words as amoral, atypical, and asymmetrical. In this interpretation an atheist becomes: not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God; but someone who is simply not a theist. Let us, for future ready reference, introduce the labels positive atheist for the former and negative atheist for the latter.

Michael Martin followed Flew in this distinction, and it has become popular among people identifying themselves as atheists. The distinction is sometimes referred to with other terms. Negative and positive atheists are sometimes called weak and strong atheists, or agnostic and gnostic atheists. In The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins has presented a scale from 1 to 7, where those at 1 claim to know that God exists, and those at 7 claim to know that God does not exist. Dawkins describes those at 7 as strong atheists, and he describes people near but below 7 as de facto atheists. Dawkins categorizes himself as a de facto atheist, placing himself at 6.8 on his scale. Since Tracey includes Dawkins in a lineup of atheists he features in his videos, and he claims Tyson as an atheist, I assume he has the negative sense in mind.

Flew makes a distinction between an agnostic in the usual sense and his notion of a negative atheist. In the common sense of the word, an agnostic is someone who has an idea of God but isn’t sure whether God actually exists. But a negative atheist does not have to have any concept of God. He may fail to believe in God simply for being unaware of any meaningful concept of God. This would include babies, who are just too young to think about such things, and philosophers, such as logical positivists, who consider the idea of a God unintelligible and meaningless.

The main motivation behind Flew introducing the notion of a negative atheist is to squarely place the burden of proof on the person claiming God exists. For Flew, it is the responsibility of the person claiming the existence of God to clarify what he means by God and to present evidence for God’s existence. He likens the presumption of atheism to the presumption of innocence in a court of law. In the United States, courts follow the procedure of presuming that someone is innocent until proven guilty. This does not mean that guilty people are regularly getting off scott-free. It means that it is the responsibility of the prosecution to prove guilt. The prosecution, understanding that someone is presumed innocent until proven guilty, makes the best case it can to prove guilt. When it comes to determining whether God exists, Flew favors a presumption of atheism until God’s existence can be proven. This doesn’t mean that an atheist is committed to atheism or that atheism is more rational than theism. It just means that he requires a clear concept of God and sufficient evidence for it before accepting God’s existence. In fact, Flew is a good example of this. In his 80’s, he switched from atheism to deism.

Tyson seems to be an atheist in exactly the same sense as Flew was. Tyson presumes the non-existence of God until there is sufficient evidence for God’s existence. As a scientist, Tyson is very evidence-driven. He treats the idea of god like he would another scientific hypothesis, and he doesn’t accept it until sufficient evidence convinces him of it.

The Agnostic Principle

But what about agnosticism? Flew has mentioned that in the common sense, an agnostic has an idea of God but isn’t sure if that concept has any reality. I don’t know if that is Tyson’s position or not. But Flew favors returning to the original sense of agnostic introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley. The article I linked to above is a chapter from a book, and he didn’t get around to discussing how he understands agnosticism in this chapter. In a review of God, Freedom and Immortality, the book this article came from, Michael Martin writes, “This presumption of negative atheism is reinforced by the principle of agnosticism, the view that one should proportion one’s belief to the evidence.”

Writing in Agnosticism and Christianity in 1899, Thomas Henry Huxley, who coined the word agnostic, writes,

The people who call themselves Agnostics have been charged with doing so because they have not the courage to declare themselves Infidels. It has been insinuated that they have adopted a new name in order to escape the unpleasantness which attaches to their proper denomination.

This seems very familiar, given how Devon Tracey has reacted to Tyson calling himself an agnostic. Huxley goes on to describe the principle of agnosticism as saying that it is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the objective truth of any proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty.

Huxley does not associate agnosticism with the idea that knowledge of God is impossible. In fact, he says,

I do not very much care to speak of anything as unknowable. What I am sure about is that there are many topics about which I know nothing; and which, so far as I can see, are out of reach of my faculties.

So Huxley’s agnosticism is strictly a practical one of not admitting to knowing what he doesn’t have sufficient evidence to believe. This supports Flew’s notion of negative atheism, and it fits in with what Tyson has said about being very evidence-driven. So it looks like Tyson is an agnostic in the sense Huxley intended the word.

In fleshing out what agnosticism is, Huxley mentions that there can be religious agnostics. He says that agnosticism has no quarrel with scientific theology, adding,

The scientific theologian admits the Agnostic principle, however widely his results may differ from those reached by the majority of Agnostics.

So it is not what one believes or remains uncertain about that distinguishes an agnostic. Huxley has not defined an agnostic as someone who is uncertain whether God exists. An agnostic in Huxley’s sense could believe in God, disbelieve in God, or remain uncertain of God’s existence, all depending upon where he thinks the evidence lies. For example, Flew became a deist on the basis of evidence, and I used to be a Christian on the basis of evidence. I would say that I was always an agnostic, and Flew remained an agnostic after becoming a deist. What made us agnostics was the understanding that belief should be grounded in evidence. Rather than disagreeing over agnosticism, what we did disagree on since his conversion to deism is what counts as adequate evidence for God’s existence. Unlike Flew, I remain unconvinced of God’s existence, and I don’t consider the evidence he has cited as sufficient.²

But things are not all conflict-free between agnosticism and religion. Huxley says,

But, as between Agnosticism and Ecclesiasticism, or, as our neighbours across the Channel call it, Clericalism, there can be neither peace nor truce. The Cleric asserts that it is morally wrong not to believe certain propositions, whatever the results of a strict scientific investigation of the evidence of these propositions. He tells us that religious error is, in itself, of an immoral nature. He declares that he has prejudged certain conclusions, and looks upon those who show cause for arrest of judgment as emissaries of Satan. It necessarily follows that, for him, the attainment of faith, not the ascertainment of truth, is the highest aim of mental life. And, on careful analysis of the nature of this faith, it will too often be found to be, not the mystic process of unity with the Divine, understood by the religious enthusiast; but that which the candid simplicity of a Sunday scholar once defined it to be. Faith, said this unconscious plagiarist of Tertullian, is the power of saying you believe things which are incredible.

Now I, and many other Agnostics, believe that faith, in this sense, is an abomination; and though we do not indulge in the luxury of self-righteousness so far as to call those who are not of our way of thinking hard names, we do feel that the disagreement between ourselves and those who hold this doctrine is even more moral than intellectual.

So, agnosticism is not a refusal to take a stand on anything, as if agnostics are just cowards who don’t want to rock the boat. According to Huxley, agnostics do take a stand against faith. Although Tyson is uncomfortable calling himself an atheist, he is a proponent of basing beliefs on evidence, which means not basing beliefs on faith. Furthermore, he has used Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey as a vehicle for promoting this idea, drawing attention in many episodes to the lack of evidence for creationism.

Agnosticism takes a principled, moral stand against taking things on faith.

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Conclusion

For Tyson, it is fair to say that he is an agnostic first, and he is a negative atheist as a consequence of requiring evidence for beliefs. If he is thinking in terms of what it is more suitable to identify himself as, it makes sense that he would pick agnostic. This gets to the heart of what he is about, whereas atheist, though it may technically describe him, is more a consequence than a starting point for him. There are atheists out there who make atheism a bigger part of their identity. What Tyson wants to make clear is that he is not associated with the activists who champion and fight for atheism. When he says he is not an atheist, this is what he is really saying he is not. He is technically a negative atheist in Flew’s sense, but he doesn’t want people to tune out what he has to say because they think they already have him all figured out.

Perhaps what Tyson has in mind by atheist is a proponent of atheism. Tyson is a proponent of grounding beliefs in evidence, wherever this may take you, but he is not committed to advocating certain ideas. He is a champion of agnosticism, and that may lead people into atheism, but he doesn’t focus on championing atheism. Perhaps a distinction can be made like this. You can be a woman without being a feminist. Likewise, you can be a negative or de facto atheist without being an advocate for atheism.

Of course, you can also be an advocate for atheism without being a positive or strong atheist. Many of the people who do identify themselves as atheists are negative atheists, or let me say agnostic atheists. I’ll make a distinction between a negative atheist and an agnostic atheist. A negative atheist is simply someone who doesn’t believe in God, not matter what the reason. This is the broadest sense of atheist, including even babies, who fail to believe in God simply for not yet having any concept of God. But an agnostic atheist is someone who, out of subscribing to the principle of agnosticism, remains unconvinced of anything he would call God. On The Atheist Experience TV show, Matt Dillahunty and other hosts commonly bring up the burden of proof with callers. Instead of asserting “God doesn’t exist and we’ll tell you why,” they take the position that it is the responsibility of the person claiming to believe in God to make a case for God’s existence.

Now why would people stand up for atheism if they are not strong atheists? Think of gay pride. Although I’m a heterosexual, I don’t join heterosexual groups or participate in straight pride parades. I take my heterosexuality for granted, because heterosexuality is the norm, and I am not oppressed or discriminated against for it. But homosexuality is not the norm, and many people are discriminated against for being homosexual. This motivates homosexuals to join together and fight to lift their oppression. Gay pride is about telling a society that hates them that they are human beings like the rest of us, and they deserve the same rights and respect as everyone else. Like gays, atheists are in the minority, and many people are prejudiced against them, thinking that they will burn in Hell or have morals worse than a rapist. One of the reasons agnostic atheists stand up for atheism is to let religious people know that lack of a belief in God is not about hating God or wanting to be free to sin, that atheists are people like everyone else, deserving of the same rights and respect.

Let me now turn the question to myself. Am I an atheist or an agnostic? Or maybe both? I am an agnostic in Huxley’s sense. I believe that faith is not a legitimate basis for belief, and I believe that belief should be grounded in evidence. With respect to some concepts of God, I positively disbelieve in them, and with respect to others, I remain either unconvinced or unaware of them.³ This makes me a positive atheist with respect to some concepts, an agnostic atheist with respect to some, and a negative atheist with respect to all the rest. Since it makes sense to use the terms positive atheist and agnostic atheist only in regard to certain conceptions of God, and since there are many conceptions of God, I find it best to just call myself an atheist. But like Huxley, I consider taking a stand against faith more important than taking a stand against belief in God. If people want to make a case for God, I’m willing to listen to it and evaluate it. I don’t start from the position that there is no God, and I’m not going to dismiss people out of hand for saying there is one. Instead, I’ll ask, What’s your evidence?

Footnotes

Pascal’s Wager
For more details on why I disagree with Flew, see the Creator of the World and Creator of the Universe subheadings in my article Does God Exists?
For details on how I evaluate particular conceptions of God, read my article Does God Exist?